Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay

Analysis of northern lights how the author presents the characters within the novel for example looking at animal symbolism. Lord Asriels daemon is the Snow leopard. It is elegant as it moves with grace and speed, it seems royal as she slinks with confidence an power in every stride. Lord Ariel is a serious man he was heartless and cruel to his own daughter. on one occasion in the book he grabs her forcefully by the arm. He is an arrogant character, who is feared and respected. â€Å"His daemon growled with deep savage rumble that made Lyra suddenly aware of what it would be like to have teeth meeting in her throat.† Having this animal as lord Asriels daemon reinforces the more negative and suspicious feelings towards him. That he is as powerful as he is dangerous. He is, in many ways just like his daemon; cold hearted, vicious, strong in body and mind. â€Å"†¦all his movements were large and perfectly balanced, like those of a wild animal and when he appeared in a room like this he seemed a wild animal held in a cage to small for it.† He as well as his daemon had elegance, and the author even compared lord Asriel himself to a wild animal. His daemon, was enticing with lush fur so beautiful, yet she is the predator, the hunter, fierce and untamed, like her master, the leopard seems silent but deadly, sweet but if provoked you are left vulnerable to her attack. You need beware when lord Asriel is on the prowl. Martin Lanselius has a serpent daemon, the characteristic of witch people tend not to trust as they’re sly, sneaky, slimy and deceitful. Martin Lanselius is one of the people on the which’s council so far he seems fair, just an kind. â€Å"The little green serpent daemon raised it’s head from the consul’s collar and whispered tongue flickeringly in his ear†. By using the words whispered tongue flickeringly, It makes you imagine the slimy tongue harsh in your ear, it makes you feel uneasy, by whispered it seems sneaky and suspicious like he has something to hide. Typically a snake or serpent is bad, they trick and deceive.*1 This gives us a very negative opinion of Martin Lanseluis, and without his daemon it wouldn’t be there. We are influenced by the serpent daemon, especially because it contradicts so drastically; the mean lying snake, with the sweet and caring Martin Larnselius. Ma Costa’s daemon is a pack animal, a wolf like dog. They are playful, full of spirit, loyal and very protective, especially those in their fellow pack. It’s easy to see the cute lovable exterior, but the wolf in them makes him stronger, with force and determination the wolf attacks it’s prey, with razor sharp teeth he cuts through the skin and sinks them deep into the flesh. They can be very dangerous, very vicious. Ma Costa is both loyal and confident sweet and gentle to her family and friends imparticular. But can be bad-tempered. When on one occasion Lyra tried to steal Ma Costa boat, she struck Lyra her across the face but previously she watched over Lyra as a baby. â€Å"†¦a great grey dog bent down gently to lick Pentaliments wild cat-head†. This shows how kind he is even to strangers he is welcoming. This is one of the few things we hear about the daemon so far. I think the influence by the dog is both positive and negative, positive because you think first of the innocent looking dog which will protect it’s family. But also negative when you think how dangerous a wolf can be. Like the snow leopard the wolf is a hunters. But you don’t get told a lot about the daemon therefore the influence to Ma Costa is minimal. Farder Coram had Sophonax, his daemon cat. She moved with grace and confidence, her soft fur warm and inviting. Her presence was soothing and mysterious. Farder Coram was quite old, however his mind unchanged by time, still sharp and alert. But his withered old body looks frail and tired. Forder Coram is just like his daemon as he is confident wise, but with an air of mystery like he’s not giving anything away. Even though you don’t know him he seems friendly like he’s known you for years â€Å"Sophonax†¦was golden eyed, and elegant beyond measure, fully twice as large as a real cat, and richly furred.† This emphasizes the appeal and makes the cat seem heavenly, like it’s magnificent and extraordinary. I think the daemon gives us an even more positive opinion of Farder Coram. â€Å"He could not walk without leaning on two sticks and he trembled constantly like an aspen leaf. His mind was sharp and clear he was a powerful man†. This shows how weak he looked, but how strong minded he was. By having this unique cat makes me think that when Farder Coram was younger he was lively an adventure. But still he was every bit as admired, and was adventurous on the inside.

Animal Farm Equality

The novel being discussed is called â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell. He is an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is well known around the world for his, awareness of Social Injustice, opposition to Totalitarianism, and his commitment to Democratic Socialism. The book â€Å"Animal Farm† reflects the events that occur in real life, which leads up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. This novel is about animals throwing over the humans and ruling themselves. Napoleon and Boxer are good examples of a Leader and Follower.Napoleon is a manipulative and power Hungry leader who takes away the animal’s rights while his follower Boxer is hard working and a true believer of his leader but at the end his precious life is lost from overworking. The leader chosen to be discussed is Napoleon and according to the novel Napoleon is doing a good job but his manipulative ways is destroying the equality in the Animal Farm. He raised Jesse and Bluebells pup pies into vicious attack dogs which will help him keep power over the other animals in the farm.An example of destroying the equality in the farm is when he trades with the humans when it clearly said in the commandments that no animal shall ever trade with any human. Furthermore, according to Orwell another Commandment said that â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal† (Page 17), but Napoleon changed that to â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal without any cause. † These changes that he makes to the Commandments clearly prove that Napoleon is taking the animals equality rights away. The follower chosen to be discussed is Boxer and according to the novel Boxer is the animal that works the hardest in the farm.His motto is â€Å"I will work harder,† and he is the animal that contributes the most to all the success of the farm. He does never for even a second realize that he is being deprived of his equality by Napoleon because he always believes that Napole on is their leader and that he will never be wrong. Towards the end of the novel his lungs give in from working too hard and all the other animals watch helplessly as he is sent to his death. Boxer never realizes that his freedom is being taken away and his beliefs influence everyone else that Boxer is right and they never realize the truth.In conclusion, the power greedy leader Napoleon still rules the Animal farm with more revised commandments which take away the animal’s freedom and equality rights. According to the novel Boxer’s innocent soul is up in heaven and the Animal Farm is actually in even worse condition than it was when Mr. Jones was their master. Napoleon and his so called commanders gained so much power over the working animals that they started to misuse it and the cause to overthrow the humans and rule themselves really is for nothing because there is one leader who ruled over everyone and took their freedom from them.

Jupiter Transit

Simms Lagan/ Leo Ascendant would have Jupiter transiting the 12th House in exaltation and so spiritual pursuits, knowledge at the feet of the GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru and following of favorable routines will happen which will lead to healthy sleep. If there are afflictions to the 12th House in the Lagan chart for this Ascendant then these may be cured and eased during this period. The events leading up to a goal would be paved not only with good intentions but with good actions and all that begins well, well, begins well, in a departure from the click ©.The Leo ?rÃ'ËœNavaho Chart of the Jupiter transit- Before we proceed let us look at the inner energies prevailing with Jupiter at the time of the transit into Cancer. The Naves/ Navaho Charka at the time of transit is given below- Navaho Yoga- We can see that Jupiter is Joined Mars in GuruÃ'Ëœ-Maxilla/ Guru-Managua Yoga and is aspect by Venus/ guar/ Sahara. Not only does GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru have the prowess of Mars to express itself but it has the locked eye debate with Venus as well who insists on coming forth with his mundane and pragmatic knowledge.The Did-GuruÃ'Ëœ Yoga in the Naves Charka for the transit has great potential for learning and growth and expanding one's horizons. While on this theme the readers can experiment with Vary Gorham/ transits reckoned in the divisional charts of the horoscope and see what sort of inferences emerge. NSubsequent papers on this website will cover the transits of Rah/ Rah to Kane RSi/ Kenya Rash/ Virgo and Skeet to Mina RSi/Mean/Pisces as well as of Saturn to Scorpio/ gain n VÃ'Ÿkick RSi/ Varnishing Rash later in the year. This is also important because the planets for a variety of reasons form pairs-of- opposites. While Jupiter is optimism, Saturn is pessimism, and so happiness and sadness, success and failure, expansion and constriction, growth and decay are all instances of this pollarded continuum.For these reasons the planets must be considered together. Similar is the situation when it comes to studying Jupiter on the one hand and the Rah-Skeet axis on the other. On many occasions antithetical features emerge but then this should only be taken as a basic thumb rule without more at this stage. Jupiter forms a great function for Aries/ Map/ Mesh Lagan as it transits through the 4th Behave/ Behave in exaltation. This is a Kidder Behave/ Kenned Behave/ quadrant house, and its auspiciousness is greatly heightened with the exalted energy of GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru.We would always do well to remember that Jupiter is properly the representative of divinity in any horoscope and always seeks to do good for the person. It gives unconditionally and leads one to life changing realizations and knowledge depending on its strength in the horoscope. Significations such as home, mother, properties and education stand to be greatly unfitted depending on the combinations prevailing in the horoscope. The 4th is also the Sushi Behave and there is none better than Jupiter to bring lasti ng and meaningful happiness.Impact of Aspect/ Diarist of Transit Jupiter- In these descriptions we should also remember the power of the aspects of Jupiter which it casts through its special Graham Dir$I/ Graham Diarist/ planetary aspect. The 5th House aspect of Jupiter falls on the sign of Scorpio/ Avarice/ Varnishing. There are two rudimentary ways in which we can appreciate this. Firstly, the future of Cancer is illuminated through depth and occult. The best of these matters stands to mom through now with Guru informing the sign with its aspect.Secondly, Scorpio as a sign in itself receives the special aspect and benefits, both generally, understanding its own Karma and learning ways to do something about it, and specifically through structured precept since Karat/ Karat is the 9th sign of the Guru and religion when reckoned from Scorpio. Scorpio is in luck from June to November, 2014 when Sans/ Shania decides to enter the sign. Which are likely to come during this period very se riously and to use them to the utmost because there is no opportunity cost in availing the grace of Jupiter.Of course al this applies to only those charts to which it does, but then that goes without saying. For Sagittarius though, it may be an intriguing time and this in itself is an interesting consequence since Jupiter rules Daunts/ Danish Lagan. But Cancer is the 8th House from Sagittarius and for any nativity with Danna Lagan rising this is a challenging placement in the radix. The 8th House is unfathomable and adversely effects the natural benefice placed here. So ironically, for Deanna Lagan the advisory will be to take care of their health, intelligence and thoughts. Not so for those with Sagittarius ?rÃ'ËœHere the persons with such a placement will be able to get into fruitful relationships with others with the highest ethics and in work shall have ready access to resources which complement their goals and programs. Readers can appreciate that this also ties in with the oth er transit for Sagittarius especially the Moon sign/ Ganja RSi/ Ganja Rash since the ingress into Scorpio of the planet Saturn will signal the commencement of the Eased-Sati where the entire societal and psychological make-up of the person is altered. Taurus individuals stand on something similar when it comes to the footing, specially those of Barabbas/ Brainwash Lagan.Jupiter is transiting the 3rd House from the Lagan which relates to matters which Jupiter is not entirely comfortable with. It is also called the Adducing Behave. The positive or the silver lining, and it is quite a notable one, is that there is Baggy/ Baggy Yoga formed by the 7th House aspect of Jupiter in the 3rd House. Relevance of the Marina Karakas Stand- As I often write, the Maraca Karma Stash/ Marina Karakas Stand positions of planets are important and GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru is in Maraca Karma Stash in the 3rd Behave from the Lagan.Matters indicated by Jupiter in the natal horoscope especially if its planetary period is running in the Ads/ Dash system will tend to be tested. The position is not much better in those horoscopes where the ?rÃ'ËœPlease do not wear a yellow sapphire/ Pagers/ Pushchair stone under any resistances if you should have this combination in the natal horoscope and do not Mina Lagan/ Pisces Ascendant is blessed by the 9th House Graham Dir$I/Graham Diarist/ planetary aspect of transit Jupiter and also happens to be the own sign of the planet. For this reason the sating from knowledge which is brought by the blessings of Jupiter is of a high order for this sign during the sojourn of GuruÃ'Ëœ/ Guru in Karat RSi/ Karat Rash.Jupiter transiting in the 5th House in exaltation blesses the children and their intelligence and performance in studies and work will climb favorably. Thoughts ND internal make-up of Pisces, powerful appointments and advisory roles will come to the forefront. Decisions made during this time will bode well for the future. The position is equally good if not better for the Mina ?rÃ'ËœSpeculation will yield great benefits and finance appears to be a very lucrative dimension; as a professional pursuit during this time, finance professionals will feel the boost during these otherwise slow times. For Kenya ?rÃ'ËœFor those with Kenya Lagan rising in the Lagan chart/ RSi Charka/ Rash Charka, a highly stabilizing influence comes to the working of the mind of the Virgo individual and all the information gathering and the confusion and that search for elusive refection and complete logical explanation for all things, starts to fall into place. The Eased-Sati is also on the verge of ending but as stated, more on that in a later paper at the appropriate time. Capricorn Ascendant/ Maker Lagan finds their world of marriage, partnerships, and direct personal interaction changing.The concept of natural Pad tells us that it is the 7th House which truly reflects the happiness in the heart and the real Sushi. Jupiter as the Sushi Karakas in exaltation bl esses this facet of life. The workaholic haze is aided for Capricorn ?rÃ'ËœStay true to your ethical parameters and this will then show well in life. Kumara Lagan/ Aquarius Ascendant finds that the vehement enmity is no longer that not comfortable with undergoes a sea change and higher ground is attained. Substance addictions, alcohol, nicotine and drug use will now be helped by the tremendous care and awareness brought about by Jupiter. When these enemies thin are handled then the path of one's growth through effort and action is rendered more accessible.The position is very different for those with Aquarius ?rÃ'ËœThis is Mall Yoga and can lead to a spotless and perfect performance in the chosen sphere of work. In the Libra ?rÃ'ËœFinances and food, and the absence of unworthy secrets all illuminate life. For the Gemini ?rÃ'Ëœ

Health Promotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Promotion - Assignment Example Also, chronic diseases account for 75% of the national health budget. Prevention of chronic diseases, therefore, not only improves the health of the community but also reduces healthcare spending. There are a lot of health challenges associated with old age. Most degenerative and non-communicable diseases are prevalent among the elderly population, affecting mostly those living in low socioeconomic settings (Thakur, Banerjee & Nikumb, 2013). Furthermore, the authors note that health in old age is related to health earlier in life. For instance, intrauterine growth retardation has been shown to increase the risk of diabetes and diseases of the circulatory system later in life. Also, obese children are more likely to develop chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes among others. As a result, elderly people face a lot of health challenges that should be addressed to improve their quality of life. In the case of AK, the most easily identifiable health problem is unintentional weight loss, attributable to the recent appetite loss. He reports that he takes a glass of wine before going to bed and also smokes 0.25 packs of cigarette a day for the past six months. An analysis of his social history reveals that he has been having trouble sleeping, and experiences daytime somnolence. The patient also has several chronic diseases that are being treated, including hypertension (ICD-9 401-405), osteoarthritis (ICD-9 715.09) and cataracts (ICD-9 366). Several interventions can be made for AK’s condition, covering primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention. They include: At the primary prevention level, AK should incorporate certain behavior changes into his daily life. First, he needs to ensure that he is more physically active. He says that he enjoys gardening at home, which is a good form of exercise. However, his recent accident indicates that he should not do the gardening alone. High resistance physical

Principles of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Principles of economics - Essay Example Also called the transformation curve, the PPC's concept is used in macroeconomics to show the production possibilities available to a nation or economy and also in microeconomics to show the options open to an individual firm. All points on a production possibilities curve are points of maximum productive efficiency or minimum productive inefficiency: resources are allocated such that it is impossible to increase the output of one commodity without reducing the output of the other. That is, there must be a sacrifice - an opportunity cost - for increasing the production of any good. All resources are used appropriately and as completely as possible-without the situation becoming unsustainable (Wikipedia Website). In economics, countries, firms, and individuals have to make choices as to how to use or allocate their resources. Suppose a farmer has to make a decision on buying feeds. He has two choices BRAND A and BRAND B, which are similar in all aspects and differs only on the label. When the farmer decides to use BRAND A, he cannot use the same resources to buy BRAND B. The choices this farmer face and the opportunity cost of buying one good rather than another can be illustrated using a PPC graph. The graph will be a straight line. In this case, the curve represents efficiency and it sh... Let's change the other product to fertilizer. With the increasing cost of fertilizer, the farmer could not afford to buy the feed at exactly the same ratio as buying the same feed, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this case, the opportunity cost increases towards the extreme origin as illustrated in Fig. 2. If for instance, the farmer obtained a new technology in decreasing his usual usage of the fertilizer but with the same effect. This would mean that he could now increase the capital to be used in buying feeds. Thus, an outward shift will be seen in the PPC as illustrated in Fig. 3. In the study of the PPC, it is also of essence to elaborate on the determinants of supply which often causes the shifts of the supply curve. These are: Technology Factor Prices, Number of Suppliers, Expectations of the Future and the Environmental Conditions. A CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED means that only the price has changed and a new quantity is supplied along a constant supply curve. A CHANGE (DECREASE OR INCREASE) IN SUPPLY or a SHIFT IN SUPPLY means that a change in amount supplied occurs because of a change (shift) in the position of the supply curve. This SHIFT IN SUPPLY means that one of the other determinants of supply (technology, resource prices, taxes or subsidies, expectations, and the price of other goods produced) has changed (Sosin, 2005). In Fig. 4, resource prices went up so that less is supplied at each price. This shift could also be called a DECREASE IN SUPPLY. 2. a. Rise of Prices of Wheat When the price of wheat is increased, it also means that the price of bread will increase proportionately, since wheat is a main ingredient of

Business Analysis Report - Flight Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Analysis Report - Flight Centre - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the culture and structure of a well-known Australian company, the Flight Centre. The firm is based on a unique principle: the establishment of small operational centers is preferred instead of large departments; autonomous and flexible small units are used for developing the firm’s operations worldwide. At this point, the firm is strongly differentiated from its rivals – which are likely to use large operational units which can handle a high volume of work but which are characterized by lack of effective communication among their members. Despite its success until today, as explained in the case study, the firm needs to update its culture and structure in order to respond to the challenges of its external environment. The key elements of the firm’s culture and structure are critically evaluated in this paper using relevant literature; the choices available to the firm in terms of culture and structure are also presented, taking into consi deration the conditions in the global market but also the firm’s existing resources and characteristics – meaning its current culture and structure. 2. ... that should be used for managing the various business activities; from this point of view, culture can promote ‘integration and cohesion across the organization’ (Nickson 2007). From a similar point of view, Deal and Kennedy (1988) note that organizational culture indicate ‘the way we do things around here’ (Deal and Kennedy 1988, p.4, in Nickson 2007). Robbins (2009) refers to a quite common definition of culture, which is based on the view that culture, as an element of modern organizations, is ‘a system of shared meaning held by members, distinguishing the organization from other organizations’ (Robbins 2009). Moreover, Dessler (1976) uses three different approaches for defining culture: ‘the structural, subjective and synthetic approaches’ (Dessler 1976, in Dwivedi 1995). The above approaches could be analyzed as follows: the structural approach perceives culture as ‘a set of characteristics which differentiate an organiza tion from another one’ (Dessler 1976, in Dwivedi 1995). At the next level, the subjective approach refers to culture as ‘the view of employees on their organization’ (Dessler 1976, in Dwivedi 1995). Finally, the synthetic approach is based on the combination of the two previous approaches for defining organizational culture (Dwivedi 1995). On the other hand, Schein (1992) describes culture as the ‘perception of a group of individuals/ employees on their organization’ (Schein 1992, in Miller 2008). In the context of the above definition, organizational culture can be successfully defined only if the communication across the organization is satisfactory. The close dependency of culture on communication is also highlighted in the study of Inceoglu (2002); in the above study, reference is made to the sharing of beliefs and

The Effect of Direct Effect on Directives Essay

The Effect of Direct Effect on Directives - Essay Example The new regulations of European Union Law now state that the European regulations that have been framed in accordance with the provisions of the new European treaties have a direct effect upon all citizens of the European Union and on the laws that are made by the member states of the Union. This principle was first laid out by the European Court of Justice in the case of Van Gend en Loos v Nederlanse Administratie der Belastingen1. In this case, the Treaty of Rome was at issue and the ECJ ruled that individuals could take action against a State for breaching EU rules, since the new treaty grants rights and imposes obligations on individuals. According to the ruling laid out in this case, European Community regulations were also valid when tried in the national courts, because the regulations were similar to the national laws in that they had a similar effect upon an individual’s rights and responsibilities. Therefore in effect, the Court has ruled that a new legal order has b een created. The Direct Effect creates individual rights which the domestic courts must protect without needing to resort to the States concerned, since EU law took precedence. This is known as the â€Å"vertical direct effect† of Treaty articles. A â€Å"horizontal direct effect† was laid out in the case of Defrenne vs Sabena2, wherein provisions of EU law were directly applicable in a domestic court, in proceedings by an individual against a Company. This has affected the application of internal laws within each of the European member States. By virtue of the Direct Effect, member States are now obligated to comply with Community Law as it has been framed according to European laws within the framework of their own internal laws.

Components of Quantitative Approach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Components of Quantitative Approach - Assignment Example Findings from this research proved that there were many diverse understandings of differentiation, even for the educators who undertook professional growth in this area (Koeze, 2007). This finding confirmed that employing a mixed approach to data gathering and understanding the quantitative data through the interpretive orientation of symbolic interactionism was the suitable methodology for this research. Miller’s research, on the other hand, was meant to study the quantitative research literature concerning the effects or consequences multi-grade classroom organizations have on student cognitive, as well as affective outcomes. Miller’s study found out that being a learner in a multi-grade class neither does not unenthusiastically influence academic performance nor learner social attitudes and relationships (Miller, 1990). Finally, Maleyko’s research studies the impact of No Child Left behind Act on school achievement and accountability. According to the research er, States have the skill of statistically manipulating their Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) implementation. This may give a fake impression to people that AYP is a reliable measure of a school’s success (Maleyko, 2011). The findings from this research proved that the exploitation of the NAEP evaluation is an efficient technique to examine the reliability of AYP among states. Evaluation of the Approach In Patricia’s study, quantitative data gathering was carried as a way or means to draw broad relationships from the information. Findings from the quantitative data collected guided the researcher on the way to organize the qualitative study (Koeze, 2007). From the wide relationships revealed through quantitative findings, qualitative methods were utilized in exploring these wide relationships further and hunt for explanations, which could only be revealed by classroom interviews and observations. Such methods of collecting data make the research extremely accurate, and the findings from the research could be used to enhance elementary education. Miller’s research, unlike Patricia’s, strictly maintained a quantitative approach to come up with the findings (Miller, 1990). The researcher provided a summary of quantitative studies, which were intended to determine the distinctions in student achievement between learners registered in multi-grade and single classrooms. According to the researcher’s findings, there is minute or no distinctions in the achievements of learners enrolled in multi-grade or single classrooms. However, it is risky to follow such findings as only depending on numbers to come up with your conclusion can be dangerous. Finally, Maleyko’s research, The Impact of No Child Left behind Act on School Achievement and Accountability, uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to come up with its findings. The literature review of the research recognizes the measurement worries with the execution of AYP, th e advantages of AYP, the unintentional upshots, along with the hardships involved with setting up school accountability and the efficient and unproductive provisions of the NCLB change (Maleyko, 2011). The findings could be considered valid since the research incorporated both numerical and empirical techniques to come up

Organizations &behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Organizations &behavior - Essay Example As it has been witnessed that the number of employees in the organisation has increased overtime to around 400 employees, indicating a medium to large size of the organisation, a structured timetable for the employees would ensure a more coherent and coordinated operational functioning of organisational resources whether human or non-human. This would help the company in comparing the labour hours with the employee performance and determine factors that act as a barrier towards enhanced employee performance enhancement. However, implementing decentralisation strategies is also not without its disadvantages and challenges of perplexity in decision-making, coordinating operations and making time and cost effective utilisation of organisational resources (Malone, 2004). To overcome these challenges that might hinder chances of success of this initiative, Jill Thompson should emphasise framing new rules with the help of the managers, inclined towards enhancing the productivity as well as level coordination in the various segments of the company. Additionally, philosophy of the top-level management towards decentralising the company structure, company’s past growth trends, physical location of the company, quality of the managers and external environmental influences on the company’s business should also be considered when framing the rules to implement decentralisation successfully. As these factors have a direct relationship with the organisational structure and culture, the process of d ecentralisation will certainly have a direct implication on different levels of the organisation, further inducing changes to the overall business process. Likewise, through decentralisation, it has been viewed that the culture being followed by the employees in the company will change to a certain extent, as this approach will create more responsibility and power of decision making for the employees (Mosley & et. al., 2010). As argued

Factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment Essay

Factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment - Essay Example Canada is rich with forests and is blessed with forest ecosystem, mountainous ecosystem, arctic ecosystem and prairie grassland ecosystem. A vast land of the country is covered with boreal and temperate forests (Natural Resources Canada 2009). Three oceans make the border of Canada. Most of the region has lower winter temperatures. Forests help maintain the natural atmosphere in the region and help to maintain air quality in the region. Country’s economy is dependent on its forestry and agriculture, but mining of natural resources contribute much to the economy of the country. Diamond exploration also contributes to the country’s economy. The specific factors that distinguish the Canada’s local ecology and environment are forests. Forests play an important role in purifying the urban air. Forests are also important in best utilization of water. Rivers and lakes in the country are the source of fresh water but the country also started some wastewater treatment pro grams to reduce the utilization of water. Mountains are also important in providing the country fresh water and Canada is blessed with mountainous ecology.Canada’s ecosystem supports heavily human activities like agriculture. However, human activities, which involve the emission of green house gases, are highly dangerous for the ecosystem. Urban localities cover almost 0.2% of the country. In Canada, urban localities consume most of energy. The large amount of energy consumption means large amount of green house gases emissions.

Sociology Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Systems Approach Essay Example for Free

Systems Approach Essay In the 1956 edition of Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist, A. D. Hall and R. E. Fagen define â€Å"a system as a set of objects together with relations between the objects and between their attributes†. (Scholtes, Peter R. 1998, 42)   The system concept has been taken from the exact sciences, specifically from physics, where exact laws lead to exact measurements. Though, the methods of the exact sciences are of little or no use for the social sciences, since these often deal with more composite and multidimensional systems.   A system is a whole that contains two or more parts that satisfy the following five conditions. The whole has one or more defining functions. Each part in the set can affect the behavior or properties of the whole. There is a subset of parts that is sufficient in one or more environments for carrying out the defining function of the whole; each of these parts is separately necessary but insufficient for carrying out this defining function. The way that the behavior or properties of each part of a system affects its behavior or properties depends on the behavior or properties of at least one other part of the system. The effect of any subset of parts on the system as a whole depends on the behavior of at least one other subset. Ackoff (1994)   In systems theory, organizations are viewed as open or socio-technical systems which trade with their environment. They import information, material, and energies, do something with or to them, and export them to an added system. The benefit of the systems approach is that it reveals organizations as social institutions which in some way or other beat the second law of thermodynamics, by which the amount of entropy (or disorganization) in the system is said to tend to exploit. Organizations achieve effectiveness by reducing entropy or disorganization. While information is received, uncertainty is reduced. Information can be considered by the amount of surprise it induces in the receiver, and organizations assist to bring the degree of surprise under control. Systems principles are based in part on the following concepts: The whole is more than the sum of its parts. A related principle is synergy, or the effectiveness of joint action. Organizations are goal seeking. The cybernetic ideas of feedback and balance affect system operation. Systems are arranged hierarchically. A system can attain the same state from a variety of beginning states—the principle of equifinality: ‘‘there’s more than one way to skin a cat.’’ Certo, S.C. (1998) In systems theory, organizations are seen as systems of information flows as sets of black (unknown-content) boxes linked by a series of inputs, transformations, and outputs. Information is the organizational currency, and it has to be searched for, bought, processed, and sold to some other system. The modern executive is a serial processor of information who needs to bring sensory data concerning the environment down to an optimal level where it can be handled. While the executive suffers overload or is placed in an environment of sensory deficit, bizarre behavior may result.   The most remarkable success of systems organization was the Apollo Project to put a man on the moon. This effort utilized project management, defined as ‘‘doing what we say we are going to do.’’ The conventional loyalties of the NASA people and the technicians from the aerospace firms broke down as the task became the focal point of their lives. The systems approach has spread to other industries, assisted by the widespread use of computers, which make information a key to raw material. (DeGuess, A. 1997)   The systems approach focuses instead on organization systems. It asserts that if employees can develop these systems, most work-related employee problems will disappear without individual counseling.   In addition to conceptual weaknesses, there are also staid process related weaknesses in quality improvement processes (QIP) s that stress the training phase and overlook others, especially the vehicle emplacement phase. For one thing, such efforts are typically top-down. Professional trainers, following the lead of those who organized the adaptation phase, begin by training upper and middle-level managers, who, in turn, are supposed to train lower-level managers as well as hourly workers with the support of the professionals. But there is a decisive difference between the familiarization phase and the training phase. While the up-front portion of the former can be offered to large audiences and completed in numerous weeks, the latter, when dealing with a company of any size, ultimately involves running several thousand students through efficient two- to three-day sessions. Such an effort is particularly drawn out so that by the time that everyone is trained, many of the earlier students have lost their enthusiasm, their workshop notebooks, or both.   At the same time, such training is rarely if ever sufficient Learning a technique in the classroom, even practicing it there, never gives students all the answers or prepares them fully for the real-life situation. A remarkable amount of support, therefore, is necessary when those primarily trained begin passing down their new knowledge and skills to lower-level managers and hourly workers. Such support, however, is rarely accessible. The corporate quality staff and consultants can visit just so many work sites during the year and can answer just so many phone calls (Depree, M. 1997).   Basically, systems approach is a theoretical tool used to organize and marshal resources (technologies, material, and workers) to get work done with optimal efficiency and to achieve a master purpose that meets precise standards.   The systems approach is often identified with efficiency. Because the systems approach is as much apprehensive with effectiveness as it is with efficiency, this is a mistake. Either efficiency or effectiveness can be pursued to the harm of the other in an intensely competitive market. However, efficiency gets special attention because of a prevailing doubt most things are not being done as well as they could be, and are, in fact, being mismanaged. If there was a will, it is believed, there would be a means to reduce costs. This belief is held especially for tax-supported public services. Though it may be true that one or another action could be run more efficiently, that is not the point. The point is whether the larger system, of which the activity is a part, can be run more competently and still deliver the product or service intended. And that is an issue of optimization.   A systems approach helps managers to channel vision, gives way, provides a basis for organizing resources and measuring performance, and it assists to allocate work so the purpose can be attained according to specified standards within a set time frame. In short, it unifies and focuses effort. We now continue to a discussion of the limitations of the systems approach.   The systems approach is necessary for effective decision making, for the utilization of models in outer factor, and for the application of computer technology. Systems analysis is a managerial get through, somewhat akin to breakthroughs in various sciences, and has given rise to influential concepts and tools of analysis.   The systems approach is based on the work of Von Bertalanffy, who is accredited with coining the phrase general systems theory. (Pearson, C.S. 1998) He conceived of a set of objects, their interrelationships, and their characteristics as systems. The objects were merely components of a system. Therefore, any groups of exterior activities and elements that can be delineated physically or abstractly constitute a system.   Moreover, it also assists in marketing systems that are collections of entities that form coherent groups. Channels of distribution that manage the activities of wholesalers, retailers, and manufacturers, or physical distribution activities resulting from the integration of warehousing, storage, transportation, handling, and inventory activities, are examples of marketing systems. The actuality that entities or activities are capable of being understood as a rational group, rather than as a collection of parts, makes them a system. This conceptual insight has led to the development of new disciplines such as industrial dynamics and systems engineering.   In marketing, the systems approach turns on the inner theme that marketing reality occurs in systems. A business, part of it, or its connection with others, can be signified by some suitable system that may culminate in a physical facsimile, chart, flow diagram, and series of equations, replication model, or just a concept.   The survival and growth of systems is mainly determined by the efficiency of flows and communications. External factors of systems contain flows of products, services, finances, and equipment through channels and communications to and from marketplace. Two units of action of a marketing system have been illustrates as transaction and transvection. Transaction focuses on negotiations and exchange. Transvection represents a unit of action of the complete marketing system, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers the matching of original producers with ultimate consumers (Denhardt, R.B., 2000).   The systems approach employs one type of model a systems model. This model recognizes a total marketing system that should be supported and reinforced so that the company can survive, adjust, change, and function professionally. While stressing coordination, it also distinguishes conflict and competition among units, the necessity for subsystem concessions, and the fact that resources should be used to maintain the system itself as well as to attain goals. Managers have the major accountability of recognizing the relations among the elements of the systems. They must understand their potential combinations, and organize and integrate business factors so that goals are achieved effectively (Joseph OConnor, Ian McDermott 1997). Significantly the adoption of a systems perspective depends on the individual manager and his discernment of the factors of variability in the system, the relations of inputs, and the predictions of outputs resulting from the inputs.   The improvement of cohesive groups, however, does not mean that all conflicts are eradicated or that the objectives of all mechanism of the system coincide. For example, although manufacturers, retailers, and wholesalers compose a system, their objectives. May conflict in part. However, it is the extent to which objectives are common that lends cohesiveness to systems components. This cohesiveness is more enthusiastically achieved among different functions within a firm than among firms. As firms become conglomerates of companies, this peculiarity tends to disappear. Although the systems-perspective direction tends to prevent sub optimization, it does not preclude the analysis of subsystems. Since management cannot investigate everything at the same time, it must digest smaller pieces.   Three basic types of equilibrating systems have been described, the atomistic, the organic whole, and the in-between limply coupled systems. In the atomistic system there is a tendency toward equilibrium amongst separate elements. The organic whole is a system with structured components joined together in a completely determined and inflexible pattern. They adapt to the environment by changing objectives, technologies, manpower, and organizational arrangements.   Systems theory facilitates the conceptual uncoupling and comprehensive analysis of components of a whole system as well as the investigation of the behavior of the total system based on an analysis of pertinent variables.   Moreover, Modern person-job match technology involves a diversity of disciplines to bring together the right kinds of information for personnel assignment decisions. A systems approach is desired to integrate the assignment process within the organization. The traditional static job assignment problem does not exist in practice. Within organizations there is the requirement for dynamic systems that respond quickly to changing personnel demands, supplies, costs, and objectives (Denhardt, R.B., 2000).   The modules of a personnel management system: projection of personnel requirements; forecasting the supply of candidates; planning, including the establishment of selection standards; making individual selection and job assignment decisions; and evaluating organization performance and alternative policies and procedures. The objective remains the same as in the original problem: to compare candidates against job requirements so that the best decisions can be made. The systems approach extends this process to include not only this decision but the determination of requirements and supply and execution and evaluation of the decision. While not all aspects of the system are equally important for all organizations, they are usually present and should be considered by the developer and implementer of person-job matching systems.   Determination of requirements is the essential first step in personnel planning. Personnel requirements are specified in terms of the numbers and types of positions that are associated with plans for the organizations size and structure. These in turn are based, at least in principle, on projections of the requirements/demand for the organizations output of products or services (M. A. Hersh., 1998).   For organizations in both the public and private sectors, these projections are made with considerable complexity and uncertainty, since they must be embedded in assumptions relating to the environment in which the organization will function. However, in spite of the difficulty and uncertainty, these projections serve a key function in providing the basis for the person-job matching method.   Moreover, a systems approach also helps managers to manufacturing suggests a systems approach to compensation that is, compensation practices that support the smooth and continuous operation of the system. This possibly means reducing distinctions between manual and white-collar workers, in particular elevating manual workers to salaried status. Incentive systems, if they are essential, should be indirect and broadly based, covering at least the work group and perhaps the entire operation. Some type of gain sharing emphasizing up-time objectives seems most suitable.   Thus, systems approach proposed the concept of semi-autonomous work groups based on the underlying assumption that learning and the development of social and occupational competences largely occur in cooperation and communication with others. In addition, industrial production does not provide itself well to the improved design of individual jobs, since most tasks are highly interdependent. The group thus is often the natural work unit. Optimal functioning of open, incessantly changing systems is seen as predicated on the extent to which the resources and competences for controlling the work of different organizational units are returned to the members of that unit. The principle of motivation through task orientation rather than external control is improved in relatively independent organizational units that permit increased scope for self regulation of work groups. Acknowledging that individuals are guided by varying goals and motivations, work has to be organized in a way that allows different individuals to satisfy varying needs and to develop new goals and aspirations. And rather than enriching jobs in consultation with external experts, employees themselves are to plan and regulate their work activities by means of direct contribution based on the principle of self-design.   This conceptualization of human nature and work leads to forms of work organization aimed at the development of competences by giving work groups the scope and latitude to complete tasks based on their own planning and guided simply by specified deadlines and standards. There is no longer a one best way for doing things; rather there is discretion and decision latitude rooted in the identification that different paths might equally well achieve the same goals. The symbol is that of an organism where different organs fulfill different functions but are reliant on each other, and can function appropriately only in relations with all other parts of the organism. Work Cited Ackoff, R.L. 1994. The Democratic Organization. New York: Oxford University Press. Certo, S.C. (1998). Modern management: Diversity, quality, ethics, and the global environment. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. DeGuess, A. (1997). The living company: Habits for survival in a turbulent business environment. Boston: Harvard Business School. Denhardt, R.B. Theories of Public Organization, 3rd Ed.; Harcourt College Publishers: Orlando, 2000; 16-17, 182-191. Depree, M. (1997, April). Attributes of leaders. Executive Excellence, 14 (4,) 8-10. Gharajedaghi, Jamshid. 1999. Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity. Woburn, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers. Joseph OConnor, Ian McDermott (1997) The Art of Systems Thinking: Revolutionary Techniques to Transform Your Business and Your Life HarperCollins. M. A. Hersh. A systems approach to understanding the causes of instability in nations: a case study, Bucharest, Romania, 1998. Pearson, C.S. (1998). Thinking about business differently: Organizational systems and leadership archetypes. Alisa Viejo: InnoVision. Scholtes, Peter R. 1998. The Leader’s Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

How Joseph Nicéphore contributed to the early development of photography.

How Joseph Nicà ©phore contributed to the early development of photography. How Joseph Nicà ©phore contributed to the early development of photography. Born Joseph Nià ©pce March 7th 1765, Nià ©pce developed Heliography, a process of printing, which then lead on to the creation of world oldest surviving product of a photography process. A military veteran and previous teacher, Nià ©pce found a passion for inventing working alongside his older brother Claude, during their time working together they made many successful inventions including; The pyrà ©ophore: the world’s first internal combustion engine for propelling boats. Therefor photography wasn’t his first interest and he spent almost 20 years with his brother Claude promoting and improving The Pyrà ©ophore, which then resulted in Claude moving to England. During this time the only time to capture a moment was by using a Camera Obscura, a device which consists of a box or a room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene then passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside the box where it is reproduced rotated 180 degrees but with the colour perspective preserved. The image then could be projected on the paper in which then it can be traced using a steady hand and patience. Nicà ©phore used this method many times but felt he did not have the skilful hand in drawing to pursue this method effectively. Then during 1813 the invention of Lithography swept France, Lithography was a printing process in which it used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum Arabic, etching the proportions of the stone which were not protected by the grease-based image. When the stone is subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water; an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original. The ink would then finally be transferred to a blank paper sheet, producing a printed page. This method was made from the concept of oil and water being unable to mix. This new craze then caught Nicà ©phore’s attention after there being many inventors who trialled and tested the camera obscura and finding a way to reproduced and image without having to drawing it yourself. Nicà ©phore trailed the use of lithography with the camera obsucra for six years until he finally came up with Heliography. Heliography is a process which uses Bitumen of Judea, a naturally occurring asphalt, as a coating on glass or metal, the glass or metal is the inserted into the camera obscura in place where the light will come through the hole. It hardens in proportion to its exposure to light, when the plate is washed with oil of lavender only the hardened areas remained, producing a photo printed on the glass or metal. After mastering this process Nicà ©phore travelled to England in 1827 to visit his older brother Claude, there he was introduced to Francis Bauer, a noted botanist, who recognised the importance of Nicà ©phore and encouraged him to write about his invention of heliography. Bauer then went on to help Nicà ©phore in producing his work by providing introductions to present his paper and heliographs to the Royal Society. All of the specimens in which Nicà ©phore referred to as ‘Les Premiers’, were rejected and returned to him because he chose not to fully disclose his process. After this Nicà ©phore returned to Le Gras continuing his experiments, in 1829 he agreed to a ten year partnership with Louis Jacques Mandà © Daguerre to help develop his work. Nicà ©phore continued with his experiments hoping for recognition and success with heliography. During this time both Nicà ©phore and Daguerre were working together to create Daguerreotype, a printing process which devel oped from heliography. Daguerreotype is made by coating a copper plate with a silver iodide and being exposed to light in the camera obscura, the copper plate is then fumed with a mercury vapour and fixed by a solution of salt, forming a permanent image. The first image produced using the Daguerreotype was in 1837, by which time Nicà ©phore had died, so it was a name in which Daguerre took. Daguerreotype then became very commercialised and shadowed Nicà ©phore and his progression with Heliography to form Daguerreotype due to his partner taking most of the credit. Even though Daguerre went on to name the process and get the profit, without Nicà ©phore the process wouldn’t have even existed for Daguerre to succeed in. The early development of photography was created and pioneered by many people, it was almost as if every single inventor put their own input into the creation of photography. Nicephore was inspired by Lithography invented by Alois Senefelder and The Camera Obscura invented by Alhazen from this Nicephore then shared his passion and influenced his parted Daguerre who then went on to inspire and develop more methods of photography to the point were at today. It is still being debated now upon who in fact took the first photograph, it is stated throughout Geoffrey Batchen’s â€Å"burning with desire; the concept of photography† in chapter four that there is many possibilities into which the first ever photograph was and who was the photographer. The pictures promise more stable evidence for the point of origin to the history of the medium, but historians have offered very little detail analysis of the images at issue so there is no exact date upon what photo or what process was first. Nicephore is mentioned and his photographs are analysed within this chapter, it describes the trials he went through to get to the creation of heliography and the photos and prints that still remain to this day. The one photo that was spoke about the most was his â€Å"View from the window at Le Gras 1827,† it speaks about how they tried to reproduce this photo but failed due to the ‘foundation stone’ being impossible to rep roduce, it was then sent to Kodak Research Laboratory where they produced what Gernsheim describes as a â€Å"greatly distorted image which no way corresponded with the original. A travesty of the truth.† Consequently Gernsheim then went on to touch up this copy for two days with water colour abolishing hundreds of light spots and blotches and giving the image a â€Å"pointillistic effect† that he admits is completely unfamiliar to the medium. He reassured the people that it was only an estimate of the original and it was similar to the drawing that he has made before any of the reproductions had even existed. This image then went on to feauture in his ‘The photographic journal’ in 1952; it appears as â€Å"the world’s earliest photograph† in his The Origins of photography 1982. The same reproduction of the photo and claim also appear in a vast number of more recent histories of photography. Even though the Daguerreotype overshadowed Nicà ©phore’s hard work and determination with heliography at the time, he is still remembered today to be a pioneer and inventor in photography, and for him to still be looked back on today proves how much of and influence he was to our world. Without his determination and curiosity we wouldn’t have the ability to capture and keep a moment or share it with the world and potentially pursue and career in the profession. BBC GCSE Physics The invention of photography by Nicephore Niepce. 2014. BBC GCSE Physics The invention of photography by Nicephore Niepce. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z7w34wx. [Accessed 8th November 2014 heliography YouTube. 2014. heliography YouTube. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JAeXQ_IHdE. [Accessed 11th November 2014]. History of photography: Nià ©pce pictures. 2014. History of photography: Nià ©pce pictures. [ONLINE] Available at: http://akvis.com/en/articles/photo-history/niepce.php. [Accessed 11th November 2014]. Joseph Nicà ©phore Nià ©pce: The First Photograph. 2014. Joseph Nicà ©phore Nià ©pce: The First Photograph. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/firstphotograph/niepce/. [Accessed 8th November 2014]. Geoffrey Batchen (1999). Burning With Desire: The Conception Of Photography. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge, Mass. : The MIT Press. p120-p127.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Cow Milk

Determination of Heavy Metals in Cow Milk The cow milk feeding concept of infants, in the larger parts of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya, for about the first six months after birth, has immensely invigorated the interest in investigating the presence and levels of some heavy metals in cows milk. Toxicity of a heavy metal depends on its fractional bioavailability and concentration in the environment, therefore its speciation is of great importance. The knowledge of concentrations of toxic heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in cows milk is hence very necessary. Fresh milk samples from lactating cows will be obtained by self milking into sterilized polyethene bottles and labeled according to time, date, location and replicate. Other parameters that will be collected from the three locations on the basis of 7-day interval and thereafter investigated include: grass feeds, sediments, water, soil, and lactating cows faecal drops and urine. This information therefore gives a suitable background for assessing and determining the concentrations of heavy metal contaminants on cows and their subsequent intake by human. Few drops of 0.1 M trichloroacetic acid will be added to the sample for coagulation and the aqueous layer heated at 500 °C for one hour. Digestion will be done with 0.5 M nitric acid as presence and concentration of heavy metals analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, AAS. Statistical analysis will be conducted using MSTATC two factor complete randomized block design, with the heavy metal concentration as the main factor with the locations as the sub treatment. The package will perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P †°Ã‚ ¤ 0.05 with two factor experiment and students T-test at P †°Ã‚ ¤ 0.05. The mean, standard deviation, range and linear correlation co-efficient on the measured parameters will be determined. The study is expected to give an indication of the exposure of mothers and infants in the region to the heavy metals and also ascertain the safety of absolute milk feeding of infants. This study will be conducted in Kisumu city, at the shore of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Key words: Heavy metals, infants, cows milk and contamination. 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Background Human and animals have been exposed to heavy metal toxicity for an immeasurable time. The industries have dramatically increased the overall environmental load of the toxins to levels that they are present in every area of modern consumerism. Therefore, it is necessary to know the environmental fate of all xenobiotics so as to predict their persistence and possible effects on non-target organisms (Kengara F.O: 2004). Anthropogenic activities appear to play an important role in this study since, in the past, solid wastes have been dumped by residents in their respective localities. In an apparent attempt to keep the environment clean, in Kisumu city, the local authorities, in the past four years have collected and dumped the solid wastes at a new site, Nyalenda Kachok, Kisumu. Similarly lorry-loads from all over the citys supermarkets, industrial set-ups, petrol stations, residences and markets dump theirs solid wastes at the site. Cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead and zinc are among the most common heavy metals known as contaminants in the environment and therefore come affront as hazardous substances to both human and animal health (Roberts J.R, 1999). This is due to wide spread environmental pollution by materials containing them: like batteries, paints, pipes, soldering rods, pesticides, fungicides, gasoline, engine oils, chemical fertilizers or when they occur in high amounts in air, soil, water, plants and other compounded animal feeds. They therefore increase concentrations of heavy metals in air, water, soil and subsequently taken by plants and animals into their food chain (Ahmad, W.M.S, 2002). The presence of heavy metals in cows milk may be attributed to contamination of the original one, which may be due to exposure of lactating cow to environmental pollution or consumption of contaminated feeding stuffs and water (Carl M, 1991). This occurrence can lead to considerable concentrations in human body since they are not metabolized therefore poses a serious risk to human health when consumed even in small amounts (Selinger B, 1979). Most of them, like cadmium, lead and mercury persist in the body and exert their toxic effect by combining with one or more reactive groups essential for normal physiological functions of the cells thus causing cellular disturbances or clinical manifestation. The adverse toxic effects caused by lead, cadmium mercury are widely recognized (Friberg, L. and Elinder, C.G, 1988). The major clinical signs in animals and man for lead and copper poisoning include, among others, deviations of the hematological parameters due to their direct effects on hematopoiesis, reduced integrity of red blood cells membrane leading to intravascular haemolysis, anemia and dehydration (Radostits O. M. et al., 1994). Therefore hematological parameters have diagnostic value in animals suspected of heavy metal toxicity (Mlay P.S and Migumia Y.O, 2008). Man becomes at risk by eating food and drinking fluids contaminated with heavy metals,  through air, direct contact with the metals like in people working in car wash or body spraying industries or factories dealing with heavy metals and their derivatives (Farr G, 2001). Kisumu city is endowed with relatively many but small enterprises dealing with metal works, car maintenance and repair (Jua Kali Sheds), construction works that pose a risk of contamination to the environment with hazardous substances including heavy metals. Subsistence farming and husbandry are quite enhanced in its neighborhoods. The foregone information prompts the desire to investigate the presence of some heavy metals in cows milk. The data generated will assist the concerned city planners, institutions and bodies charged with environmental control and surveillance to formulate measures and policies that would firmly govern the dumping of solid wastes, re-locate the site and authoritatively bar animals from feeding on the wastes. 2.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The presence and concentration of heavy metals in water, sediments, soil and cows milk urine and faecal drops are unknown. This means that both man and animals likely assimilate the heavy metal contaminants unabated, thus endangering their lives. 2.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH The toxic heavy metals from the possible sources as stated above continue to get into the environment and the biota. This phenomenon is a real threat to the human life therefore it is an urgent issue that the study needs to address. It is important to note that with the known concept of milk feeding of infants for the first six months after birth, either through mothers breasts or other sources like cow milk, more so in the rural set-ups, presents a possible lethal exposure route of heavy metal poisoning. The clinical manifestations that un-permissible levels of the heavy metals cause to both man and animals are fatal and expensive to treat thus jeopardize the economic progress of the affected community. The dumping point at the present site has continued to pollute the air due to organics releasing poisonous gases when they decompose and burnt. The constant burning of the wastes has hindered visibility, caused breathing difficulty and eye-aches to the road users as the site is at the high way and the entrance to the city. It is therefore a rude welcome to the tourists visiting the city. Therefore, the study will give an indication of the exposure of mothers and infants in the region to the heavy metals and also ascertain the safety of absolute milk feeding of infants. 2.4 HYPOTHESIS (i) The solid wastes dumped at the dumping site at Kachok, Kisumu city, contain toxic heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) . (ii) The animals that feed on the wastes take-up the heavy metals into their body systems. 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Heavy metals are elements with specific density of 5gcm3, at least five times as the specific gravity of water (Florea T et al., 2006) and (Steven, D, 2003). They have been found in human breast milk and shown to affect health in infants. This may be due to mothers being susceptible to chemicals mostly in foods. Inhalation and dermal routes are possible though they are insignificant. Heavy metals, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, bismuth, antimony most often disrupt immune function, neurological and endocrine functions. Some common effects of heavy metal toxicity include brain fogginess. Insomnia in children, memory loss, dementia tremors delay development (Molin J, 2000). Due to their toxic nature, the human body upon assimilation begins to get rid of them through the organs such as the skin, liver, kidney and through urine and sweat. However, this process is quite strenuous thus burdens and damages the organs (Bentum J.K, et al., 2010). Unfortunately human milk is one of the routes of elimination this burden, and therefore a source of exposure to infants (Oskarsson A, 1998). Some of these metals are stored in the mothers bones and are extracted from her to provide calcium for the development of the childs bones. As a result, they enter the maternal blood and breast milk during pregnancy and lactation, thus exposing the fetus and infants to risk (Sonawane R.B, 1994). However, at permissible levels, some of them are essential for normal physiological functions in animal tissues (Ahmed, E.E.K, et al., 1999). Dietary deficiencies of copper, zinc, calcium, iron, protein and excess fats cause an increase in the absorption and toxicity of lead (Goldfrank, L.R. et al., 1990). While copper is a trace element in various metabolic functions in the body, lead and other heavy metals have no function in the body and can be highly toxic due to interference directly in metabolic pathways or indirectly by causing deficiencies of other trace metals (Farr G, 2004). Excessively higher levels of the metals in milk and tissues of animals suggest an exposure either from the air, soil, water or feeds or all of these sources (Farr G, 2001) and (Dupler D, 2001). Animals can tolerate elevated levels of these metals though at certain levels clinical signs of toxicity manifest which can be acute or chronic when there is low exposure for a long time since these metals bio-accumulate in the body (IARC, 1997) and (Allcroft R, 1951). Heavy metals like cadmium, lead and mercury have been detected in breast milk in many parts of the world and have different means and ranges (Appendix 6.1). In many parts of the world, they exceed the recommended limits (Oskarson A et al., 1995) while in others lead has been found in breast milk between 5-20 ppb (Rabinowitz M et al., 1985). This may be attributed to the fact that sources of lead exposure are numerous ranging from ceramic and pottery glazed with lead, electronic works, welding and solders, jewelry making and repairing, certain hair dyes, automobile repairs (ATSDR, 1990). The presence of cadmium has been detected in breast milk as 0.28 ÃŽÂ ¼g/litre. It is found in many components of vehicles and in electrical and electronic equipment (Honda R et al., 2003). Cadmiums levels in breast milk have also been associated with cigarette smoking. Arsenic has not been thoroughly studied in breast milk but is however known to cause cancer in humans (Radisch B and Luck W, 1987). METHODOLOGY 4.1 Sampling and Sampling Design A Two factor completely randomized block design will be employed in sampling where one of the locations will be considered as a block. They will be spread out within 8 km apart. The samples will be taken within an interval of seven days. Table2 shows the experimental design detailing the number of samples per location and the sampling intervals of 7 days, 14 days and 21 days (Table 2): Key: D= Days; Re= Replicates; Lo= Locations: 4.2 Study Area The study area will be at the shore of Lake Victoria, Kisumu city and its environs within the area limits of 00 51 South and Longitude 0041 North and longitudes 330 20- 35020 East and an altitude of 528m above the sea level. The following locations will be picked for the study: Location 1: Nyalenda-Kachok: whose animals feed and graze at the dumping site- suspected to be polluted with the metals. Location 2: Mamboleo: 8 km north eastern outskirts of the city with relative high animal husbandry. Location 3: Chiga: 8 km- eastern outskirts of the city with subsistence and light animal husbandry. The choice of the sampling areas 2 and 3 is based on the fact that the cows graze freely in their areas but can not reach the dumping site where only those from location 1 access for herbage. All samples will be collected from 5 (hence five replicates) randomly selected points from each of the three locations; 1, 2 and 3 and immediately taken to the laboratory for preparation, digestion and analysis at Chemistry Laboratory, Maseno University, Kenya. 4.3 SAMPLES COLLECTION 4.3.1 Cow Milk Sample By self milking into sterilized polyethylene bottles, about 50ml fresh milk samples will be collected from five lactating cows from randomly selected homes in each location on a three day milking interval in the morning (i.e 50ml x 5cows x3 locations x 3 milking intervals = 2,250 ml will be collected in total. The samples will then be packed into ice-bags and labeling will be done with respect to time, date, location and replicate. 4.3.2 Urine Sample 50ml urine sample will be randomly collected from each lactating cow (whose milk is sampled) from its shed. The samples will then be wrapped and tied with sterilized polythene papers, packed into ice-bags and labeled according to time, date, location and replicate. 4.3.3 Faecal Drops Sample In each location, approximately 100g of faecal drops will be randomly collected from each of the five lactating cows (whose milk is sampled) from their sheds, wrapped and tied with sterilized polythene paper, packed into ice-bags and labeled according to time, date, location and replicate. 4.3.4 Water Sample About 50ml of water samples from five different points in each location will be placed in clean unused 100ml plastic bottles with screw caps: The points are across the swamp and dam for locations 1 and 3 while five equidistant spots along the stream that passes through the grazing area of location 2. All the samples will then be packed into ice-bags and labeling will be done with respect to time, date, location and replicate. 4.3.5 Grass Feeds and Soil Sample Grass feeds will be cut at approximately1 cm height from the ground in an area of 1x1m2, (within five randomly selected cattle grazing ground per location), bundled, labeled and packed in clean polythene bags. At the centre of the 1x1m2 area where grass feeds are taken, the topsoil will be dug to 12 cm depth at an area of 24x24cm2. The soil will then be put in clean polythene bags and labeled according time, date, location and replicate. 4.3.6 Sediment Sample Five sediment sub-samples will be randomly taken in each location. Approximately top 2 cm surface layer will be collected with a strainer and the samples packed and labeled with respect to time, date, location and replicate. 4.4 PREPARATION, DIGESTION, ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATION 4.4.1 Cow Milk Samples Five drops of 0.1 M trichloroacetic acid will be added to the cow- milk sample to precipitate the proteins, and the aqueous layer of the milk separated by centrifugation. 5 ml of the aqueous layer will be placed in porcelain crucible and heated in a furnace at a temperature of 500 0C for about 45 minutes. Thereafter, 3 ml of 0.5M nitric will be added and then filtered through Whatman filter paper (No 40) into a 10ml measuring cylinder. Further 0.5M nitric acid will be added to the 10 ml mark of the measuring cylinder. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in blank and the milk samples will be analyzed with an AAS. 4.4.2 Urine and Water Samples 100ml of each sample will be boiled till complete dryness. 10ml of conc. nitric acid will be added to the sample and boiled close to dryness then diluted to 20 ml with de-ionized water. The solution will be filtered and the filtrate taken for AAS analysis for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn. 4.4.3 Quantitation of heavy metals in milk, urine and water samples: Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Se and Zn in examined samples will be calculated according to the following equation:- Mg/kg in examined samples = AxB/W A= mg/kg of metal in prepared samples (obtained by calibration). B= final volume of prepared sample in ml. W= weight of samples in grams. 4.4.4. Quantitation of Heavy Metals in Faecal Drops, Grass, Sediments Soil Samples The samples will be rinsed with de-ionized water several times and separately air-dried on open plastic bags for 24 hours, ground in a mortar to obtain small particles of uniform size, thus large surface area. Conventional aqua regia digestion will be performed in 250ml glass beakers covered with watch glasses. A well-mixed sample of 0.50 g each of the samples will be digested in 12ml of aqua regia on a hot plate for 3 h at 110 °C. After evaporation to near dryness, the sample will be diluted with 20 ml of 2% (v/v with H2O) nitric acid and transferred into a 100-ml volumetric flask after filtering through Whatman ® filter paper grade 40 and diluted to 100 ml with de-ionized distilled water thereafter analyzed for levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Se and Zn using AAS. 5.0 REFERENCES 1. Ahmad, W.M.S. (2002): Studies on heavy metal pollution in poultry farms in relation to production performance; Ph.D. Thesis-Faculty of Vet. Medicine. Zag. University. 2. Ahmed, E.E.K, Haleem, H.H. and Aly, A.A. (1999): Effect of copper and ascorbic acid in restriction of cadmium toxicity. J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass., 59 (5): 1549-1573. 3. Allcroft R. 1951: Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep. Veterinary Record 63:583-593. 4. ATSDR Case study in environmental medicine: Cadmium toxicity: U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta G.A, 1990. 5. Roberts J R, 1999: Metal toxicity in children. In Training Manual on Pediatric Environmental Health: Putting It into Practice 1999 Jun. Emeryville, CA: Childrens Environmental Health Network. 6. Bentum J.K, Sackitey O.J, Tuffuor J.K., Essumang D.K, Koranteng-Addo E. J, and Owusu-Ansah E., 2010: Cadmium and Arsenic in breast milk of lactating mothers in Odumanse-Atua community in Manya Krobo district of eastern region of Ghana. 7. Carl, M. (1991): Heavy metals and other trace elements. Monograph on residues and contaminants in milk and milk products. Special Issue 9101, pp. 112-119. International Dairy Federation IDF, Belgium. 8. Dupler D. 2001: Heavy metal poisoning Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. 9. Farr G 2001: The Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis. 10. Farr G 2004: Why Heavy Metals are a Hazard to Your Health. 11. Florea T, Sarolta O.B and Gheorghe C, 2006: Heavy metals in fresh cow-milk and cheese. 12. Friberg, L. and Elinder, C.G. 1988: Cadmium toxicity in humans. Essential and toxic trace elements in human health and disease, edited by A.S. Prasad (New York: A.R.Liss), pp. 559-587. 13. Goldfrank, L.R.; Osborn, H. and Hartnett, L, 1990: Lead. In: Goldfrank, L.R.; Flomentbaum, N.E.; Lewin, N.A.; Weisman, R.S. and Howland, M.A. (Eds.): Goldfranks Toxicological Emergencies. 4th edition. pp. 627-637. Prentice-Hall International Inc. New Jersey, USA. 14. Honda R; Tawara K; Nishyo M; Nakagawa H; Tanebe K; Saito S, Toxicology 2003;186(3) 255-259. 15. IARC (International Agency for Research on cancer) 1997: Monograph of carcinogenic risk to human. Lyon. Supplement. 7:230-231. 16. Kengara F.O, 2004: Analysis of organo-chlorine pesticides in Nyando catchments of Lake Victoria and fate studies of atrazine and glyphosate in soil using the radioisotope tracer technique: MSc Thesis-Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Kenya. 17. Mactaggart D.L and Farewell S.O: Analytical use of regression. Part 1: Regression procedures for calibration and quantitation, 1992, Journal of AOA International, 75 594-606. 18. Mlay P.S and Mgumia Y.O, 2008: Levels of lead and copper in plasma of dairy cows, pastures, soil and water from selected areas of Morogoro suburbs. (Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tanzania). 19. Molin J: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine; 2000; 42(11) 1070-1075. 20. Ongeri, D.M.K, 2008: Physicochemical parameters, heavy metal residue levels and their speciation studies in Lake Victoria basin; Ph.D. Thesis-Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry. Maseno University, Kenya. 21. Oskarson A., Palminger H.I, and Sundberg: J. Analyst: 1995; 120(3) 765-770. 22. Oskarsson, A, Analyst 1998 123(1); 19-23. 23. Osweiler D. G, 1996: Toxicology. Williams and Wilkins USA 491pp. 24. Rabinowitz, M., Leviton A., and Needleman H., Archives of environmental health 1985; 40 (5) 283-286. 25. Radisch B and Luck W: Nav H Toxicology letters 1987; 36 147-152. 26. Radostits O. M, Blood D. C and Gay C. C, 1994: Veterinary Medicine A Textbook of the Disease of Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Horses 8th Edition. Paston press ltd, London, Norfolk, UK 1469-1499p. 27. Roberts J R, 1999: Metal toxicity in Children. In Training Manual on Pediatric Environmental Health: Putting It into Practice 1999 Jun. Emeryville, CA: Childrens Environmental Health Network. 28. Selinger B, 1979: Chemistry in the market place. 29. Sonawane R.B: Envronmental Health Perspective, 1994; 196. 30. Tsoumbaris, P. and Papadopoulou, T.H. 1994: Heavy metals in common food stuffs: Quantitative analysis. Bulletin Environ. Contamination Toxicology, 53: 61-66. 31. Stevens, D. 2003. CSIRO Land and waters Methods Manual. Impact of Heavy Metals on Sustainability of Fertilization and Waste Recycling in Peri-Urban and Intensive Agriculture in South-East Asia. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). 29. World Health Organization, (WHO, 1993). 6.0 APPENDICES 6.1: Table 1- WHO: Selected Concentration Mean Ranges of Heavy Metals, 1993. Heavy Metal Concentration, ppb Concentration Range, ppb Arsenic 0.3 0.10 -0.80 Cadmium 0.1 0.10 3.80 Lead 5.0 0.00 41.10 Mercury 2.7 0.64 257.10 Manganese 18.0 7.00 102.00 6.2: Table 2: Experimental Design and Sampling Record Table Key: D= Days; Re= Replicates; Lo= Locations and F/D- Faecal Drops Re. Lo Milk Urine F/Drops Water Soil Grass Sediments 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 6.3: Table 3- TIME SCHEDULE ACTIVITY PERIOD DURATION Proposal Writing and Presentation Jan March 2011 12 weeks Research Site Survey and Preparation April 2011 4 weeks Acquisition of Chemical Reagents May 2011 4 weeks 1st Sample Collection and Extraction June 2011 1 week 1st Experimentations and Analysis AAS June 2011 3 weeks 2nd Sample Collection and Extraction July 2011 1 week 2nd Experimentations and Analysis AAS July 2011 3 weeks 3rd Sample Collection and Extraction August 2011 1 week 3rd Experimentations and Analysis AAS August 2011 3 weeks Discussion and Statistical Interpretation September, 2011 4 weeks Thesis Writing and Submission Oct-Nov, 2011 8 weeks Total 1 year 44 weeks 6.4: Table 4 BUDGET Item Quantity Unit Price (KSh) Total Cost (KSh) Chemicals Universal Indicator 1 litre 1,350.00 1,350.00 Distilled Water 40 litres 1,200.00 48,000.00 Aqua Regia 5 litres 3,500.00 17,500.00 Nitric Acid 2.5 litres 3,500.00 8,750.00 Sulphuric Acid 2.5 litres 3,500.00 8,750.00 Hydrochloric Acid 2.5 litres 3,500.00 8,750.00 Ammonium Nitrate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Ferrous Nitrate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Lead (II) Nitrate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Unhydrous Sodium Sulphate 500g 2,850.00 2,850.00 Copper (II) Nitrate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Zinc Nitrate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Trichloricacetic acid 2.5 litres 4,500.00 11,250.00 Chromium (II) sulphate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Cadmium Nitrate 500g 3,500.00 3,500.00 Sub Total 131,200.00 Apparatus, Equipment and Others AAS Analysis Lamps 12 7,500.00 90,000.00 Polythene Bags 6 1,000.00 6,000.00 Brown PVC Bottles 180 100.00 18,000.00 Whatman Filter Papers grade 40 6 1,000.00 6,000.00 Thesis Preparation and Binding 20,500.00 Goggles 2 1,000.00 2,000.00 Disposable Gloves 4 Boxes 3,500.00 14,000.00 Ice Box 1 9,000.00 9,000.00 Labels 1 Packet 750.00 750.00 Spade 1 1,200.00 1,200.00 Sickle 1 600.00 600.00 Sub Total 168,050.00 Travels and Subsistence Subsistence during Sampling 5 3,500.00 17,500.00 Analysis 20 Days 500.00 10,000.00 Site Visits and Sampling 10 Trips 3,000.00 30,000.00 Enumerators,3loc.x5Repsx3Intervals 3x3x5 1,000.00 45,000.00 Sub Total 102,500.00 Grand Total 401,750.00

The Nature Approach :: essays research papers

The Nature Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two ways in which sociologists study human behavior. The Nature approach and the Nurture approach. The Nature approach has many claims. One is; the whole universe is deterministic and follows unavoidable sequences of cause, leading to effect. What this generally means is that all the events in the world that occur are pre-determined. By what you ask? Nature (laws of physics, for example). Another claim of the Nature Approach is that man is like a puppet on strings of nature. If one wants to control man, all one has to do is find the strings. This can only be done if it is for the well being of man. Anything that man is driven to do is because of mechanics of nature; there is simply no such thing as free will. Above all, even human thought is caused and is mere epiphenomenon, which is a secondary and inconsequential effect of a main event. Any thought in which man has, are not their own thoughts, but just a part of nature. On the opposite end of the spectrum, there is the Nurture approach. For centuries, conventional wisdom has held that parental nurturing will definitively shape a human’s personality and behavior. According to believers of the Nurture approach, it's the assumption that what makes human beings turn out the way they do, aside from their genes, the environmental part of human development, is the experiences they have in society, and in particular the experiences they have with the people they encounter. The origins of the nurture approach are stemmed from the studies of Copernicus and Galileo. Galileo was an Italian astronomer, natural philosopher, and one of the central architects of modern science. In his Two Chief World Systems, he set forth the idea that the sun was the center of the universe, rather than the earth. Forced to recant and forbidden to teach or talk about his views, Galileo is said to have muttered in the stillness of his room, 'Still it turns' in reference to the rotation of the earth around the sun. Galileo decentered the earth and by extension all theology which holds that the earth and creatures upon it were a special act of creation. Now, let's say we were examining an experiment performed on a set of identical twins. Twins are born with the same genetic makeup, which has been shaped by this world.

Little Brother Music :: essays research papers

Little Brother: The Listening Describing this CD in three words would be personal, stylish, and free. Not â€Å"free† like it comes with your purchase of fifty dollars or more at Best Buy but â€Å"free† as in no boundaries or limitations. When I first put this album in my CD player and pressed play I was completely entranced by the sounds that followed. That was back in 2003 and still to this day you might catch me blasting songs in the morning or humming their tunes to sleep at night. If I try to put my finger on why this ONE album can last so long with a person as picky with music as me it would come down to how well the two rappers, Phonte and Big Pooh, convey every aspect of their lives into their lyrics. Not only can they describe fully the pressures of having a growing family and a low paying job, but also let loose stories about groupie love, haters getting put in their place, and partying until daybreak; all this with clever wordplay that puts them in a class of their own! I wouldn’t call them underground hip-hop because they don’t make a conscious effort to be different. They’re not considered mainstream because their focus isn’t just on making music to be rich. They’re just an alternative, and it is refreshing to hear someone strive to be the best at what they do artistically, not by how well they can market themselves. At a business level, we all know the importance the actual beat plays with finicky listeners. Even the songs with sub-par lyrics and rhyme schemes can still become a hit when a famous producer is behind the scenes. Luckily, production is another criteria Little Brother controls so well. Their producer, and third member of the group, is named 9th Wonder for more than just the cool moniker: he represents his own unique sound not yet overused and exploited by the masses. With a pension for taking old school samples and churning out beats unbelievably hypnotic and hard-hitting, 9th lays the backdrop perfectly for each a nd every bit of musical art on Little Brothers’ first major release. Taking a different direction than sampling producers like Kanye West and Just Blaze, he has been steadily gaining fame ever since he produced the song â€Å"Threats† on Jay-Z’s final record, â€Å"The Black Album†. Because

Brotherhood

Brotherhood cannot be walked away from. It is a lifelong relationship with who you call brothers. From my experience with brotherhood, its a promise they have between one another. Brothers stay together when they are at their best, and their worse, that’s the respect that is given and received with brothers. The difference between friendships and brotherhood's are the internal bond you have and the pure love between them. But how far will a fake brotherhood go? Pat Conroy’s, The lords of Discipline and Tim O’Brien’s, The things They Carried, and other works show how brotherhood is essential to survival in difficult situations.When peoplee are going through a difficult situation in life, sometimes they just need someone by their side to make it through. Brotherhoods in war are more important than romantic or familial ones back home. These brotherhood’s are what keeps them going, they carry their brothers emotionally. In The Things They Carried the br others did more for each other than support one another during the way: â€Å" They shared the weight of memory. They took up what others could no longer bear. Often, they carried each other, the wounded or weak† (Tim O’Brien 39).CBrotherhood’s were formed because they shared ocommonproblems, that are not understandable putside the brotherhood in the war becauyse those problems become to great. These brothers experienced things together that will stay with them for the rest of their lives, and use each other to over comer obstacles and gain success. The necessity of brotherhood is also represented in going to school’s like the Carolina Institute and going through a plebe year are one of the most challenging things you could do alone, in The Lords Of Discipline a breakable bond is created by four boy’s being brought together during the cruelty of the plebe system.Mark, Will, Tradd, and Pig come together during their tough time as plebes and would do anything for each other, along with the rest of the plebes in R company. The boys in the R company that were going through plebe year together stuck up for a fellow plebe Bobby Bentle to prove he was not alone since suffering with uncontrollable urination: â€Å"The sound they heard was the sound of the other thirty seven freshman pissing in their own pants, in affirmation of our own allegiance to Bobby Bentley of Ocilla, Georgia† (Conroy 170).The boy’s all exposed themselves under the watch of the upperclassmen to demonstrate the strength of their brotherhood. Without the brotherhood between the plebe’s in R companty Boby Bentyly would not have had the courage and condifence to stay another day at the inttitue. His brothers kidness was essential to his servival of the pleve system. The plebe system and going to war are just the few times that brotherhood’s form, but they are what keep you sane at the end of the day.In fraternity’s the frat proces s can be very stressful and growing brotherhood's through your college years can almost change your college experience, Ray Plaza a fraternity alumni say’s he has â€Å" found that the bond of brotherhood is a valuable one as it has helped me to grow as an individual and also a man. The fraternity has allowed me to develop meaningful relationships † (Plaza 1). For Ray, knowing his brtohers were going through the same struggles as him, made it easier to not feel alone, and to have brothers to go to.A similar brotherhood exists in the West Point Military Academy where our guest speaker Patrick Ellison attends who believes, â€Å"your room and your brothers are your escape† (Ellison). When you attend the institute you need someone to to go when things get tough, and for him it was going to his room which he shared with his â€Å"brother†. Not only is your brother someone you can go to, its someone that will have your back and be with you through thick and th in, and to Patrick it was the escape from his problems and worries, which made it able for him to survive.When Brandon Davies violated a honor code and was kicked off his basketball team, although he disappointed his team, â€Å"Davie’s teammates, whose hopes were also crushed, said they bore him no malice and considered him a brother† (Gibbs 1). Without the support of his teammates through a time when they could have easily turned their back’s to him, David would have been all alone through his time of struggle. How far will a fake brotherhood go? Theirs people who use a brotherhood for their own benefit, not considering their fellow brothers, how long can that last?When will find’s out that Tradd was in the Ten and their brotherhood was a lie, Tradd does anything to take it back, â€Å"I just can’t lose you. I can't afford afford to lose you. Do you hear me, Will? I’m begging you. I’ll do anything to get your friendship back, you h ave no idea how important it is to me† (Conroy 555). When you betray a brotherhood, you learn that you were never truly apart of it, because you would have never betrayed it like Tradd did.When you go through the institute you wont make it without your brothers, the guest speaker  spoke of his years at the institute saying, â€Å"It’s necessary to have brotherhood† (Ellison). So when what’s gotten you through turns out to be a lie, it’s the worst feeling you could have. In life, there will always be a time when we need help. And when we do, we turn to our brother’s, someone we know will be there for us through everything in life. There’s a comfort in knowing you have someone to talk to about anything, share anything, or someone that will back you up or help you when you’re in need. Brotherhood Brotherhood cannot be walked away from. It is a lifelong relationship with who you call brothers. From my experience with brotherhood, its a promise they have between one another. Brothers stay together when they are at their best, and their worse, that’s the respect that is given and received with brothers. The difference between friendships and brotherhood's are the internal bond you have and the pure love between them. But how far will a fake brotherhood go? Pat Conroy’s, The lords of Discipline and Tim O’Brien’s, The things They Carried, and other works show how brotherhood is essential to survival in difficult situations.When peoplee are going through a difficult situation in life, sometimes they just need someone by their side to make it through. Brotherhoods in war are more important than romantic or familial ones back home. These brotherhood’s are what keeps them going, they carry their brothers emotionally. In The Things They Carried the br others did more for each other than support one another during the way: â€Å" They shared the weight of memory. They took up what others could no longer bear. Often, they carried each other, the wounded or weak† (Tim O’Brien 39).CBrotherhood’s were formed because they shared ocommonproblems, that are not understandable putside the brotherhood in the war becauyse those problems become to great. These brothers experienced things together that will stay with them for the rest of their lives, and use each other to over comer obstacles and gain success. The necessity of brotherhood is also represented in going to school’s like the Carolina Institute and going through a plebe year are one of the most challenging things you could do alone, in The Lords Of Discipline a breakable bond is created by four boy’s being brought together during the cruelty of the plebe system.Mark, Will, Tradd, and Pig come together during their tough time as plebes and would do anything for each other, along with the rest of the plebes in R company. The boys in the R company that were going through plebe year together stuck up for a fellow plebe Bobby Bentle to prove he was not alone since suffering with uncontrollable urination: â€Å"The sound they heard was the sound of the other thirty seven freshman pissing in their own pants, in affirmation of our own allegiance to Bobby Bentley of Ocilla, Georgia† (Conroy 170).The boy’s all exposed themselves under the watch of the upperclassmen to demonstrate the strength of their brotherhood. Without the brotherhood between the plebe’s in R companty Boby Bentyly would not have had the courage and condifence to stay another day at the inttitue. His brothers kidness was essential to his servival of the pleve system. The plebe system and going to war are just the few times that brotherhood’s form, but they are what keep you sane at the end of the day.In fraternity’s the frat proces s can be very stressful and growing brotherhood's through your college years can almost change your college experience, Ray Plaza a fraternity alumni say’s he has â€Å" found that the bond of brotherhood is a valuable one as it has helped me to grow as an individual and also a man. The fraternity has allowed me to develop meaningful relationships † (Plaza 1). For Ray, knowing his brtohers were going through the same struggles as him, made it easier to not feel alone, and to have brothers to go to.A similar brotherhood exists in the West Point Military Academy where our guest speaker Patrick Ellison attends who believes, â€Å"your room and your brothers are your escape† (Ellison). When you attend the institute you need someone to to go when things get tough, and for him it was going to his room which he shared with his â€Å"brother†. Not only is your brother someone you can go to, its someone that will have your back and be with you through thick and th in, and to Patrick it was the escape from his problems and worries, which made it able for him to survive.When Brandon Davies violated a honor code and was kicked off his basketball team, although he disappointed his team, â€Å"Davie’s teammates, whose hopes were also crushed, said they bore him no malice and considered him a brother† (Gibbs 1). Without the support of his teammates through a time when they could have easily turned their back’s to him, David would have been all alone through his time of struggle. How far will a fake brotherhood go? Theirs people who use a brotherhood for their own benefit, not considering their fellow brothers, how long can that last?When will find’s out that Tradd was in the Ten and their brotherhood was a lie, Tradd does anything to take it back, â€Å"I just can’t lose you. I can't afford afford to lose you. Do you hear me, Will? I’m begging you. I’ll do anything to get your friendship back, you h ave no idea how important it is to me† (Conroy 555). When you betray a brotherhood, you learn that you were never truly apart of it, because you would have never betrayed it like Tradd did.When you go through the institute you wont make it without your brothers, the guest speaker  spoke of his years at the institute saying, â€Å"It’s necessary to have brotherhood† (Ellison). So when what’s gotten you through turns out to be a lie, it’s the worst feeling you could have. In life, there will always be a time when we need help. And when we do, we turn to our brother’s, someone we know will be there for us through everything in life. There’s a comfort in knowing you have someone to talk to about anything, share anything, or someone that will back you up or help you when you’re in need.